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Computer Science Preprint PDF DOI

Measuring the Unmeasurable: Markov Chain Reliability for LLM Agents

Phat T. Tran-Truong, Xuan-Bach Le · 2026

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly operate as sequential software systems, but their reliability is often summarized by scalar benchmark metrics. Metrics such as pass$@k$, pass$^k$, and th…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

Optimal and Near-Optimal Constructions for Bootstrap Percolation in Hypercubes

Jonathan A. Noel · 2026

The $r$-neighbour bootstrap process on a graph $G$ begins with a set of infected vertices; subsequently, healthy vertices become infected once they have at least $r$ infected neighbours. The central e…

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Physics Preprint PDF DOI

Discovery of the Solution to the "Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox"

Roman Schnabel · 2026

In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen (EPR) published a thought experiment that is entirely correct, has been demonstrated in real experiments, and is now the most famous in quantu…

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Computer Science Preprint PDF DOI

The Boolean surface area of polynomial threshold functions

Fan Chang, Joseph Slote, Alexander Volberg, Haonan Zhang · 2026

Polynomial threshold functions (PTFs) are an important low-complexity class of Boolean functions, with strong connections to learning theory and approximation theory. Recent work on learning and testi…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

Non-isotopic surfaces in $T^4\#(S^2\times S^2)$: an example

Jianfeng Lin, Yue Wu · 2026

We prove that there exist infinitely many embedded tori with a common geometric dual in $T^4\#(S^2\times S^2)$ that are homotopic, diffeomorphic, but not isotopic to each other, even after arbitrary m…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

Bootstrap percolation of extension hypergraphs

Weichan Liu, Bjarne Schulke, Xin Zhang · 2026

For $k$-graphs $F$ and $H_0$ the $F$-bootstrap percolation process (or $F$-process) starting with $H_0$ is a sequence $(H_i)_{i\geq0}$ of $k$-graphs such that $H_{i+1}$ is obtained from $H_i$ by addin…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

Inversion monotonicity in subclasses of the 1324-avoiders

Anders Claesson, Svante Linusson, Henning Ulfarsson, Emil Verkama · 2026

A collection $B$ of patterns is called inversion monotone if $\mathrm{av}_n^k(B)$, the number of $B$-avoiding permutations of length $n$ with $k$ inversions, is weakly increasing in $n$ for any fixed …

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Computer Science Preprint PDF DOI

Polynomial Time Local Decision Revisited

Laurent Feuilloley, Soumyadeep Paul, Ami Paz · 2026

We consider three classification systems for distributed decision tasks: With unbounded computation and certificates, defined by Balliu, D'Angelo, Fraigniaud, and Olivetti [JCSS'18], and with (two fla…

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AI & Data Science Preprint PDF DOI

When Annotators Agree but Labels Disagree: The Projection Problem in Stance Detection

Bowen Zhang · 2026

Stance detection is nearly always formulated as classifying text into Favor, Against, or Neutral. This convention was inherited from debate analysis and has been applied without modification to social…

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Economics & Finance Preprint PDF DOI

Stable Matchings with Choice Correspondences Under Acyclicity

Varun Bansal, Mihir Bhattacharya, Ojasvi Khare · 2026

We study the existence of stable matchings when agents have choice correspondences instead of preference relations. We extend the framework of \cite{chambers2017choice} by weakening the path independe…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

No weakly factor-universal cellular automaton

Maja Gwozdz · 2026

Hochman asked whether there exists a cellular automaton $F$ such that every cellular automaton is a factor of $F$ in the dynamical sense. In particular, we do not require the factor map to commute wit…

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AI & Data Science Preprint PDF DOI

Empirical Likelihood Inference for Sen and Sen--Shorrocks--Thon Indices

Sreelakshmi N, Saparya Suresh, Sudheesh K. Kattumannil · 2026

The Sen index and Sen-Shorrocks-Thon (SST) index are widely used measures of poverty indices. Developing reliable inference for these measures enables us to compare these measures in different populat…

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AI & Data Science Preprint PDF DOI

Online Experiential Learning for Language Models

Tianzhu Ye, Li Dong, Qingxiu Dong, Xun Wu, Shaohan Huang, Furu Wei · 2026

The prevailing paradigm for improving large language models relies on offline training with human annotations or simulated environments, leaving the rich experience accumulated during real-world deplo…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

Periodic points and residual finiteness of automorphism groups of subshifts

Ville Salo · 2026

If totally periodic points are dense in a subshift $X$, its automorphism group is residually finite. We show a weak converse: if periodic points are not dense in a subshift $X$, then the automorphism …

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AI & Data Science Preprint PDF DOI

Beyond Length Scaling: Synergizing Breadth and Depth for Generative Reward Models

Qiyuan Zhang, Yufei Wang, Tianhe Wu, Can Xu, Qingfeng Sun, Kai Zheng, Xue Liu, Chen Ma · 2026

Recent advancements in Generative Reward Models (GRMs) have demonstrated that scaling the length of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning considerably enhances the reliability of evaluation. However, curre…

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AI & Data Science Preprint PDF DOI

Reliable Abstention under Adversarial Injections: Tight Lower Bounds and New Upper Bounds

Ezra Edelman, Surbhi Goel · 2026

We study online learning in the adversarial injection model introduced by [Goel et al. 2017], where a stream of labeled examples is predominantly drawn i.i.d.\ from an unknown distribution $\mathcal{D…

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Engineering Preprint PDF DOI

RoEL: Robust Event-based 3D Line Reconstruction

Gwangtak Bae, Jaeho Shin, Seunggu Kang, Junho Kim, Ayoung Kim, Young Min Kim · 2026

Event cameras in motion tend to detect object boundaries or texture edges, which produce lines of brightness changes, especially in man-made environments. While lines can constitute a robust intermedi…

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AI & Data Science Preprint PDF DOI

Distribution-Free Sequential Prediction with Abstentions

Jialin Yu, Moise Blanchard · 2026

We study a sequential prediction problem in which an adversary is allowed to inject arbitrarily many adversarial instances in a stream of i.i.d. instances, but at each round, the learner may also abst…

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Neuroscience Preprint PDF DOI

Evolutionarily Primitive Social Entities

Angelica Kaufmann · 2026

Social entities only exist in virtue of collective acceptance or recognition, or acknowledgement by two or more individuals in the context of joint activities. Joint activities are made possible by th…

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Mathematics Preprint PDF DOI

Sidorenko property and forcing in regular tournaments

Daniel Kral', Matjaz Krnc, Filip Kucerak, Bernard Lidicky, Jan Volec · 2026

We give a complete characterization of tournaments H that have the Sidorenko property with respect to nearly regular tournaments, i.e., the homomorphism density of H among all nearly regular tournamen…

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